Atomic Assistance: How "Atoms for Peace" Programs Cause Nuclear Insecurity
Atomic Assistance: How "Atoms for Peace" Programs Cause Nuclear Insecurity
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Abstract
Nuclear technology is dual use in nature, meaning that it can be used to produce nuclear energy or to build nuclear weapons. Despite security concerns about proliferation, the United States and other nuclear nations have regularly shared with other countries nuclear technology, materials, and knowledge for peaceful purposes. This book argues that governments use peaceful nuclear assistance as a tool of economic statecraft. Nuclear suppliers hope that they can reap the benefits of foreign aid—improving relationships with their allies, limiting the influence of their adversaries, enhancing their energy security by gaining favorable access to oil supplies—without undermining their security. By providing peaceful nuclear assistance, however, countries inadvertently help spread nuclear weapons. This book draws on several cases of “Atoms for Peace,” including U.S. civilian nuclear assistance to Iran from 1957 to 1979; Soviet aid to Libya from 1975 to 1986; French, Italian, and Brazilian nuclear exports to Iraq from 1975 to 1981; and U.S. nuclear cooperation with India from 2001 to 2008. It also explores decision making in countries such as Japan, North Korea, Pakistan, South Africa, and Syria to determine why states began (or did not begin) nuclear weapons programs and why some programs succeeded while others failed. The book concludes that, on average, countries receiving higher levels of peaceful nuclear assistance are more likely to pursue and acquire the bomb—especially if they experience an international crisis after receiving aid.
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Front Matter
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Introduction: Unintended Consequences in International Politics
Matthew Fuhrmann
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1
Definitions and Patterns of Peaceful Nuclear Cooperation
Matthew Fuhrmann
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Part I Atoms for Peace
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2
Economic Statecraft and Atoms for Peace: A Theory of Peaceful Nuclear Assistance
Matthew Fuhrmann
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3
The Historical Record: A First Cut
Matthew Fuhrmann
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4
Nuclear Arms and Influence: Assisting India, Iran, and Libya
Matthew Fuhrmann
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5
A Thirst for Oil and Other Motives: Nine Puzzling Cases of Assistance
Matthew Fuhrmann
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6
Oil for Peaceful Nuclear Assistance?
Matthew Fuhrmann
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2
Economic Statecraft and Atoms for Peace: A Theory of Peaceful Nuclear Assistance
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Part II Atoms for War
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7
Spreading Temptation: Why Nuclear Export Strategies Backfire
Matthew Fuhrmann
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8
Who Builds Bombs? How Peaceful Nuclear Cooperation Facilitates the Spread of Nuclear Weapons
Matthew Fuhrmann
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9
Have International Institutions Made the World Safer?
Matthew Fuhrmann
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Conclusion: What Peaceful Nuclear Assistance Teaches Us about International Relations
Matthew Fuhrmann
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7
Spreading Temptation: Why Nuclear Export Strategies Backfire
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End Matter
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